The Role of Bioactive Glass in Osteoarthritis Treatment and Cartilage Regeneration
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative joint disease primarily affecting older adults, characterized by cartilage degradation, abnormal bone growth, and joint dysfunction. Despite various treatments available, there is currently no cure for OA, and existing therapies often lead to adverse side effects. Bioactive glass (BG), recognized for its biocompatibility and osteoconductive properties, has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for OA management. This review article discusses the mechanisms through which BG promotes cartilage regeneration, including the stimulation of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. It also explores BG's role as an effective drug delivery system for targeted, localized release of anti-inflammatory agents and growth factors to reduce inflammation and restore joint function. Additionally, the review highlights the formation of hydroxyapatite layers upon BG degradation, enhancing bone integration, and the positive effects of released ions on cellular responses. The article also addresses the challenges faced in the clinical application of BG, such as individual variability, long-term stability, and the need for personalized treatments. Finally, future directions in optimizing BG material properties, developing intelligent bioglass composites, and advancing 3D or 4D printing technologies for personalized OA therapies are proposed.