In the constant search for alternative energy sources, thermoelectric modules have emerged as a crucial technology for power generation. This study provides a comprehensive review of their applications in building and solid waste areas, sectors that have become increasingly important. Despite their lower efficiency, thermoelectric modules are very useful for capturing and converting waste heat from waste gas decomposition into valuable energy sources. This study is structured into five categories: power generation, sustainable building practices, heating and cooling systems, software simulations, and hybrid systems. Ultimately, this research analyzes the opportunities and prospects for thermoelectric applications in buildings, offering valuable insights into energy recovery, especially in the context of biomass and municipal solid waste decomposition.