Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) have been widely used in all aspects of people's daily lives because of their high energy density, wide operating temperature range, high operating voltage, and good safety and cycling stability. The anode is an important part of Li-ion battery, which can store and release Li-ion. Therefore, the choice of anode has a key influence on improving battery performance. The silicon-based anode is expected to be the anode material for next-generation high-performance lithium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical specific capacity and other advantages. However, the volume change of silicon during lithiation and the induced instability of SEI pose a considerable challenge to the development of silicon anode. This paper reviews the development of silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries, systematically introduces the challenges and improvement methods posed by silicon-based materials as anodes, and investigates the application of silicon anodes in solid-state electrolytes. Finally, some views are presented on the future development of silicon-based cathodes for lithium batteries.