Evaluating the Status of Humulus Lupulus Populations in Kazakhstan: Implications for Conservation, Sustainability and Forest Ecosystem Management
Abstract
Environmental protection plays a key role in maintaining biodiversity and conserving ecosystems, including plant populations with high ecological potential. Humulus lupulus (H. lupulus), commonly known as hops, belongs to the Cannabaceae family and is a plant known for its rich phytochemical composition and wide range of bioactive properties. This study provides an ecological analysis and geobotanical assessment of H. lupulus populations in the southeastern part of Kazakhstan. Fieldwork conducted in July 2023 covered five regions: Almaty, Talgar, Enbekshikazakh, Sarkan, and Alakol. Plant identification was confirmed using herbarium resources, and geobotanical analysis was conducted using route surveys and the Drude scale. The floristic composition and age-related characteristics of each population were determined. The results identified five distinct populations, each characterized by unique ecological and phytocenotic features. Dense clonal groups were found in Almaty, while floristic composition varied in the Enbekshikazakh and Sarkan regions. Soil analysis revealed a wide range of humus content (from low to high), slightly alkaline pH, and significant variation in the concentrations of phosphorus (26–162 mg/kg), potassium (270–430 mg/kg), and zinc (3.8–57.3 mg/kg). The study emphasizes the remarkable adaptability of H. lupulus to diverse conditions and its susceptibility to anthropogenic pressure. This research underscores the significant impact of human activity on the environmental condition. To minimize the anthropogenic impact on the biosphere, it is essential to develop innovative approaches aimed at optimizing the use of natural resources, strengthening measures for biodiversity conservation, and restoring disrupted elements of ecological balance. Of particular importance in this context is the protection of H. lupulus populations as a critical component of ecosystem processes. A comprehensive approach to addressing these challenges will ensure long-term ecological sustainability and the preservation of natural heritage for future generations.