Microplastics (MP) have emerged as significant global pollutants, garnering considerable attention from both the scientific community and the public. The significance of microplastic research lies in its capacity to inform effective pollution control strategies and mitigate associated environmental and health risks. The review illuminated the complexities and challenges inherent in analyzing microplastics and nanoplastics within anthropogenically affected water systems. It underscored the necessity of standardizing methodologies to enhance the accuracy and comparability of research findings. The adoption of advanced analytical techniques represents a significant advancement in the field, paving the way for more effective pollution mitigation strategies. By adhering to this structured approach, the review aspires to contribute a comprehensive overview of current methodologies in microplastic research and to enrich the ongoing discourse surrounding environmental pollution and its far-reaching impacts.